Resumo Introdução: A fibromialgia (FM) é uma síndrome de origem desconhecida caracterizada por diversos sintomas, e embora sua patogênese não tenha sido completamente elucidada, parece estar relacionada às vias inflamatórias e alterações neuroquímicas no cérebro. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre os polimorfismos BsmI, ApaI e FokI do gene do receptor da vitamina D (VDR), seus polimorfismos e variáveis clínicas em mulheres com e sem FM. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle composto por um grupo de 53 mulheres com FM e outro com 40 mulheres sem a doença. Foram aplicados o Questionário de Dor de McGill, Questionário de Impacto da Fibromialgia, Escala Visual Analógica da Dor e o teste de sentar. A PCR em tempo real foi realizada para analisar o polimorfismo ApaI e FokI. Resultados: Houve associação estatística entre raça, comorbidade e FM, onde 78,4% dos indivíduos eram brancos e apresentavam FM (p < 0,002) e 96,1% tinham alguma comorbidade (p < 0,001). Setenta e seis vírgula cinco por cento (76,5%) dos pacientes com FM tiveram desempenho inferior no teste de abdominais (p < 0,001). Também houve associação entre as frequências genotípicas e alélicas dos polimorfismos Apal e FokI do gene VDR e FM (p < 0,001). No polimorfismo ApaI do gene VDR, o genótipo CC apresentou maior frequência em mulheres com FM, o alelo C para o polimorfismo Apal foi 3,33 vezes mais provável, e o polimorfismo FokI teve 10,9 vezes mais chance de desenvolver FM (p < 0,0001). Conclusão: Mulheres com alelo C para polimorfismo ApaI têm 3,33 vezes mais chance de ter FM (IC 95% = 1,58-7,02; p = 0,0024), e no polimorfismo FokI, a prevalência do alelo T é 10,9 vezes maior (IC 95% = 4,76-25,38; p < 0,0001). Não foram encontradas associações significativas em relação ao polimorfismo BsmI e alelos de frequência (p = 0,062 e p = 0,078, respectivamente).

Abstract Introduction: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome of unknown origin characterized by several symptoms, and although its pathogenesis has not been completely elucidated, it seems to be related to inflammatory path-ways and neurochemical changes in the brain. Objective: To evaluate the association between BsmI, ApaI and FokI polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, their polymorphisms, and clinical variables in women with and without FM. Methods: This is a case-control study composed of a group of 53 women with FM and another with 40 women without the disease. The McGill Pain Questionnaire, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Pain Visual Analogue Scale and the sit-up test were applied. Real-time PCR was performed to analyze the ApaI and FokI polymorphism. Results: There was a statistical association between race, comorbidity and FM, where 78.4% of the individuals were white and had FM (p < 0.002) and 96.1% had some comorbidity (p < 0.001). Seventy-six point five percent (76.5%) of patients with FM underperformed in the sit-up test (p < 0.001). There was also an association between the genotypic and allele frequencies of the VDR and FM gene Apal and FokI polymorphisms (p < 0.001). In the VDR gene ApaI polymorphism, the CC genotype exhibited a higher frequency in women with FM, the C allele for the Apal polymorphism was 3.33 times more likely, and the FokI polymorphism was 10.9 times more likely to develop FM (p < 0,0001). Conclusion: Women with C allele for ApaI polymorphism are 3.33 times more likely to have FM (95%CI = 1.58-7.02; p = 0.0024), and in FokI polymorphism, the prevalence of T allele is 10.9 times greater (95% CI = 4.76-25.38; p < 0.0001). No significant associations were found in relation to BsmI polymorphism and frequency alleles (p = 0.062 and p = 0.078, respectively).

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cost evaluation is a key tool in monitoring expenditure for budget management. It increases the efficiency of possible changes through identifying potential savings and estimating the resources required to make such changes. However, there is a lack of knowledge of the total cost of hospitalization up to the clinical outcome, regarding patients admitted for kidney transplantation. Likewise, there is a lack of data on the factors that influence the amounts spent by hospital institutions and healthcare systems. OBJECTIVES: To describe the costs and determining factors relating to hospitalization of patients undergoing kidney transplantation. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional descriptive study with a quantitative approach based on secondary data from 81 patients who were admitted for kidney transplantation at a leading transplantation center in southern Brazil. METHODS: The direct costs of healthcare for patients who underwent kidney transplantation were the dependent variable, and included personnel, expenses, third-party services, materials and medicines. The factors that interfered in the cost of the procedure were indirect variables. The items that made up these variables were gathered from the records of the internal transplantation committee and from the electronic medical records. The billing sector provided information on the direct costs per patient. RESULTS: The estimated total cost of patients’ hospitalization was R$ 1,257,639.11 (US$ 571,010.44). Out of this amount, R$ 1,237,338.31 (US$ 561,793.20) was paid by the Brazilian National Health System and R$ 20,300.80 (US$ 9,217.24) by the transplantation center’s own resources. The highest costs related to the length of hospital stay and clinical complications such as sepsis and pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: The costs of hospitalization for kidney transplantation relate to the length of hospital stay and clinical complications.

Abstract Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by generalized skeletal muscle chronic pain. Its etiology is not well defined, because there are several factors that may trigger it such as physical and/or emotional stresses, or a genetic susceptibility, involving serotonergic, dopaminergic and catecholaminergic paths. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the strength of the lower limb, genetic polymorphism of the serotonin receptor gene HTR2a in women with fibromyalgia. Methods: In this observational study of case-control type 48 women were evaluated who belonged to the group with FM (52 ± 12 years) and 100 women in the control group (58±11 years). Socio demographic and anthropometric data were collected and peripheral blood samples for DNA extraction; genotypic analyzes were performed by means of PCR in real time by TaqMan® system. The lower limb muscle strength was assessed through the test of sitting down and standing up for 30 s. The chi-square test or Fischer Exact was used for possible associations among the variables; the t-test for independent samples was used to compare the averages among the groups; the value of significance adopted was 5%. Results: There was an association between the polymorphism of the HTR2A gene with FM, demonstrating that carriers of the genotype GG have 24.39 times more likely to develop the syndrome (IC95% 5.15-115.47; p = 0.01). It was observed an association between FM and the test to sit and stand up demonstrating that women with fibromyalgia have lower limb muscle strength ( p = 0.01). The study showed that the white race has 3.84 times more likely to develop FM (p = 0.01). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that women of Caucasian ethnicity with GG genotype or G allele presented greater risk of developing fibromyalgia and that these patients have lower limb muscle strength compared to the control group.

Abstract Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major musculoskeletal disease with high prevalence in the elderly. The study of genetic polymorphisms of inflammatory mediators involved in OA may contribute to the elucidation of the complex pathophysiology of this disease and identification of susceptibility individuals. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the association between polymorphism at tumor necrosis factor alpha gene (SNP – 308 G/A TNFA) with presence, severity and functional status of osteoarthritis in elderly. Methods: This study was characterized as case-control and encompassed 257 physically independent elderly (Mean Age: 68.55 ± 5.2; Minimum age: 60 and Maximum age: 82) were recruited. After this selection, the groups were divided in: 92 elderly individuals with osteoarthritis (case group) and 165 without the disease (control group). Methods: The individuals were genotyped by the TaqMan real-time PCR system. The subjects were classified based on the degree of radiological impairment according to the criteria of Kellgren-Laurence and regarding functional impairment using the WOMAC and LEQUESNE questionnaires. Results: TNFA gene polymorphic individuals (subjects harboring allele A) are more affected by OA (χ2 = 8.7, p = 0.003), once they have major radiological lesion both in hip (Fisher-Freeman-Halton Test = 3.9, p = 0.04) and knee (Fisher- Freeman-Halton Test = 4.0, p = 0.04) as well as worse functional status assessed by the Lequesne questionnaire (Mann- Whitney, p = 0.04). At the multivariate analysis, after adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, the presence of rare allele for TNFA (allele A) increases the susceptibility to OA development [OR: 1.87 (95% CI: 1.1 —3.2)]. Conclusion: We conclude that the SNP – 308 G/A of TNFA gene may affect osteoarthritis susceptibility, severity and functional status of individuals with osteoarthritis.

RESUMO A padronização da avaliação do controle postural na plataforma da força facilitará a realização de estudos em crianças. Não há padronização para a população infantil, o que dificulta a comparação dos resultados. O objetivo foi determinar o número de tentativas necessárias para a avaliação do controle postural em crianças. Um total de 344 crianças, 178 (51,7%) meninas, oito anos de idade, participaram deste estudo. O controle postural foi avaliado na posição unipodal durante 30 segundos, foi analisado a área de deslocamento do centro de pressão (COP) e a velocidade ântero-posterior e medial lateral (Vel. AP e Vel. ML). Para a análise comparativa do controle postural com três tentativas, utilizamos o teste de Friedman. Os resultados foram analisados utilizando o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e o teste de concordância Bland-Altman. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p> 0,05) nas três avaliações. Uma tentativa da criança provou ser suficiente para avaliar a COP, Vel. AP e Vel. ML (p=0,139; p=0,718; p=0,05, respectivamente). Uma excelente reprodutibilidade foi observada na COP e Vel. Variáveis ML (CCI: 090, p<0,0001, Erro: 0,07 cm2, CCI: 0,91, p=0,001, erro: 0,024 cm/s, respectivamente) e replicação média na variável Vel. AP (CCI: 0,68, p=0,0001, erro: 0,10 cm / s). O presente estudo recomenda que uma tentativa seja suficiente para avaliar o controle postural em crianças saudáveis.

ABSTRACT The standardization of the assessment of postural control on the force platform will facilitate the conducting of studies in children. There is no standardization for the child population, making it difficult to compare results.The present study aimed to determine the number of attempts needed for the assessment of postural control on a force platform in healthy children. A total of 344 children, 178 (51.7%) girls, eight years old, participated in this study. Postural control was evaluated with a single leg stance for 30 seconds, the present study analyzed pressure center displacement area (COP) and velocity anteroposterior and medial-lateral (Vel. AP and Vel. ML). For the comparative analysis of postural control with three attempts we used the Friedman test. Results were analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman concordance test. No significant differences (p >0.05) were found in the three evaluation. One attempt by the child proved to be sufficient to evaluate the COP, Vel. AP and Vel. ML (p =0.139; p =0.718; p =0.05, respectively). Excellent reproducibility was observed in the COP and Vel. ML variables (ICC:090, p <0.0001, Error:0.07 cm2; ICC:0.91, p =0.001, Error:0.024 cm / s, respectively) and average replicability in variable Vel. AP (ICC:0.68, p =0.0001, Error:0.10 cm / s). The present study recommends one attempt is sufficient to assessment of postural control in healthy children.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a funcionalidade de indivíduos idosos e jovens com dor lombar crônica. Método: Foram avaliados 83 indivíduos, sendo 42 idosos (Grupo controle: 22 e Grupo dor lombar: 20) e 41 jovens (Grupo controle: 20 e Grupo dor lombar: 21). Para avaliação da capacidade funcional, foram utilizados os testes Timed Up and Go (TUG), sentar e levantar de uma cadeira 5 vezes (Five Times Sit-to-Stand - FTSTS), o teste da caminhada dos seis minutos (TC6min) e sentar e levantar do solo (TSL). Resultados: Não houve diferença na capacidade funcional dos jovens entre os grupos (p > 0,05). Contudo, quando a análise é ajustada para a covariável “IMC”, o Grupo dor lombar apresentou pior desempenho no teste TSL (p = 0,004). No grupo de idosos, foi observado pior desempenho no Grupo dor lombar no teste TSL (p = 0,001). Após o ajuste pela variável “IMC”, observou-se diferença estatística nas condições do teste TSL, assim como no TC6min (p < 0,05) . Conclusão: Idosos com dor lombar crônica apresentaram pior desempenho funcional e o teste TSL foi o mais discriminativo para avaliação funcional de indivíduos com dor lombar crônica. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo Retrospectivo Comparativo.

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the functional status of adult and older adult individuals with lower back pain . Methods: Eighty-three individuals were recruited, 42 older adults (20 with lower back pain and 22 control group) and 41 younger adults (21 with lower back pain and 20 control group). Functional capacity was assessed using the following tests: Timed Up and Go (TUG), Five Times Sit-to-Stand (FTSTS), six-minute walking test (SMWT), and sitting-rising test (SRT) . Results: In the younger adults, there was no difference in functional capacity between the groups (p>0.05). On the other hand, when statistical analysis was adjusted using body mass index (BMI) as a covariate, the lower back pain group performed more poorly on the SRT (p<0.004). Furthermore, poorer physical capacity was seen in the older adults with back pain via the SRT test (p=0.001), and when the BMI was adjusted, a statistical difference was seen in the SRT as well as the SMWT (p<0.05) . Conclusion: Older individuals with lower back pain have poorer physical performance, and the sitting-rising test is the most discerning for assessment of functional status in individuals with lower back pain. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective Comparative Study.

RESUMO Racional: A neoplasia colorretal representa a quarta malignidade mais comum entre homens e a terceira entre as mulheres. No mundo ocidental estima-se que 5% da população a desenvolverá, tornando-a grave problema de saúde pública. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de polimorfismo na região -765G/C do gene COX-2 em pacientes com câncer colorretal em relação a um grupo controle, analisando a possível associação entre este polimorfismo e a suscetibilidade a ele. Método: Foram incluídos neste estudo caso-controle 85 participantes. Selecionou-se 25 com neoplasia colorretal (grupo caso) e 60 pacientes sem neoplasia colorretal (grupo controle). Realizou-se análise genético-molecular para identificação do polimorfismo -765G/C do gene COX2 com técnica padrão da literatura. Além disso, foram levantados dados clínicos e anatomopatológicos dos pacientes. Resultado: Constatou-se discreto aumento de prevalência entre os homens no grupo caso, embora esta diferença não fosse estatisticamente significante. Os resultados revelaram alta prevalência do genótipo GC e CC nos indivíduos com câncer colorretal, demonstrando associação entre a presença do polimorfismo no gene COX2 e a suscetibilidade ao câncer colorretal nesta amostra (p=0,02). Similarmente, também se observou diferença nas frequências alélicas em relação aos grupos. Quando os pacientes com a neoplasia foram separados por localização do tumor, verificou-se maior prevalência do polimorfismo em pacientes de cólon esquerdo (p=0,02). Conclusão: O polimorfismo no gene COX2 está associado com a maior suscetibilidade ao câncer colorretal, especialmente em tumores do retossigmoide.

ABSTRACT Background: The colorectal neoplasm is the fourth most common malignancy among males and the third among females. In the Western world is estimated that 5% of the population will develop it, making this disease a major public health problem. Aim: To analyze the prevalence of the polymorphism -765G / C region of the COX-2 gene in colorectal cancer patients compared to a control group, analyzing the possible association between this polymorphism and susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Method: This is a case-control study with 85 participants. Were selected 25 with colorectal cancer (case group) and 60 participants without colorectal neoplasia (control group). The molecular genetic analysis was perform to identify the polymorphism -765G / C COX2 gene with standard literature technique. In addition, patient’s clinical and pathological data were analyzed. Results: There was a light increase in prevalence between men in the case group, although this difference was not statistically significant. The results showed a high prevalence of GC and CC genotype in individuals with colorectal cancer, demonstrating an association between the presence of the polymorphism in the COX2 gene and susceptibility to colorectal cancer in this pattern (p=0.02). Similarly, there was also difference in allele frequencies in the groups. When patients with cancer were separated by tumor location, there was a higher prevalence of polymorphism in the left colon (p=0.02). Conclusion: The polymorphism in the COX2 gene is associated with increased susceptibility to colorectal cancer, specially rectosigmoid tumors.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the influence of the presence of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) on postural balance in elderly individuals. Methods The study sample consisted of 150 elderly: 103 women (67.7±5.0 years) and 47 men (69.3±5.5 years). Evaluation of the presence and severity of TMD included an anamnesis questionnaire, an evaluation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and a muscular examination, which allowed the division of the elderly into 2 groups: G1 (experimental, n=95), with TMD; G2 (control, n=55), without TMD. Postural balance was assessed by means of the one-leg stance test (OLST) on a force platform (BIOMEC400), thus permitting the following measurements: center of foot pressure (COP); mean sway velocity (MV) and frequency (MF) of COP in both the anteroposterior (VAP and FAP) and medial/lateral (VML and FML) directions. The statistical analysis of data was performed using independent t-test, Variance Analysis, and Chi Square test (α=5%). Results Presence of TMD was observed in 63.3% of the individuals (Group 2), with different degrees of severity (mild: 42.7%, moderate: 14.7%, severe: 6%). Significantly higher TMD was observed for women (73.8%) compared with men (40.4%) (p=0.0002). No significant difference was found in between the groups for all balance parameters, e.g., presence and severity of TMD, presence of pain to palpation of TMJ and of masticatory and cervical muscles. Conclusion The presence and severity of TMD, in addition to the presence of pain to palpation of TMJ and masticatory and cervical muscles did not alter the variables related to postural balance in this population.

RESUMO Objetivou-se verificar a influência das variáveis de pressão plantar e amplitude de movimento (ADM) de quadril, joelho e tornozelo sobre o risco de quedas em idosas. Participaram 39 idosas, avaliando-se a Pressão Máxima e Média sobre a plataforma de baropodometria. Em seguida, realizou-se o teste Timed Up and Go (TUG) e posteriormente a avaliação da ADM de flexão de quadril e joelho e flexão plantar e dorsal de tornozelo por meio de um goniômetro. As variáveis baropodométricas (Pressão Máxima e Pressão Média) tenderam a influenciar os valores do TUG conforme valor do teste de hipótese (p=0,051), demonstrando correlação moderada (r=0,487), com destaque para a Pressão Máxima, que apresentou correlação significativa com o TUG (p<0,005). Entretanto, a ADM articular de quadril, joelho e tornozelo não apresentaram correlações significativas entre as variáveis baropodométricas e risco de quedas. Sobre a análise da associação entre o TUG, categorizado em baixo e médio risco de quedas, e as quedas, não foram observadas diferenças (p=0,475). O aumento da pressão máxima apresentou relação com o risco de quedas, mas a ADM de quadril, joelho e tornozelo não apresentaram relação sobre o risco de quedas e as variáveis baropodométricas na população investigada.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify the influence of plantar pressure and range of motion of hip, knee and ankle variables with the risk of falls in older women. Thirty-nine older women participated, for which Maximum and Medium Pressure were evaluated using the baropodometry platform. Then, we performed the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and subsequently the range of motion (ROM) evaluation of hip and knee flexion and dorsal and plantar ankle flexion through the use of a goniometer. Baropodometric variables (Maximum Pressure and Medium Pressure) showed a tendency to influence the values of the TUG according to the value of the hypothesis test (P = 0.051), demonstrating a moderate correlation (R = 0.487), with emphasis on the Maximum Pressure showing significant correlation with the TUG (P<0.005). However, the joint range of motion of hip, knee and ankle showed no significant correlations in the baropodometric variables and in the risk of falls. Concerning the analysis of the association between the TUG classified with low and medium risk of falls with the falls, no differences were found (P=0.475). The increase in maximum pressure showed a relation with the risk of falls, though the range of motion of hip, knee and ankle showed no relation to the risk of falls and the baropodometric variables in the researched population.

RESUMEN Se buscó evaluar la influencia de las variables de la presión plantar y la amplitud de los movimientos (ADM) de la cadera, rodilla y del tobillo en el riesgo de caídas en adultos mayores. Han participado del estudio 39 adultos mayores, de los que se evaluaron su presión máxima y media a través de la baropodometría. Además, se empleó la prueba Timed Up and Go (TUG) y la evaluación de la ADM de flexión de cadera y rodilla, y flexión plantar y dorsal del tobillo a través de un goniómetro. Las variables baropodométricas (presión máxima y media) presentaron influencias en los valores del TUG según el valor de la prueba de hipótesis (p=0,051), lo que demostró una moderada correlación (r=0,487), destacándose la presión máxima, que presentó una significativa correlación con el TUG (p<0,005). La ADM articular de la cadera, rodilla y del tobillo no ha presentado significativa correlación entre las variables baropodométricas y el riesgo de caídas. Acerca del análisis entre el TUG, caracterizado de bajo y mediano riesgo de caídas, y las caídas no se han observado diferencias (p=0,475). El aumento de la presión máxima presentó relación con el riesgo de caídas, sin embargo la ADM de la cadera, rodilla y del tobillo no presentó relaciones entre el riesgo de caídas y las variables baropodométricas evaluadas en los participantes.

Resumo: OBJETIVO: avaliar a influência do tratamento com fármacos antivertiginosos sobre a qualidade de vida e o equilíbrio postural de adultos e idosos com queixas de tontura. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal, com amostra de 51 indivíduos portadores de queixas de tontura, divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com o uso (grupo medicado, n=25) ou não (grupo não medicado, n=26) de fármacos antivertiginosos. Foram coletadas informações sobre: caracterização dos sintomas (ficha elaborada pelos pesquisadores), autopercepção de qualidade de vida (Dizziness Handicap Inventory),intensidade de tontura (escala visual analógica de tontura) e equilíbrio postural (plataforma de força). RESULTADOS: verificou-se intensidade moderada de tontura (Média: 4,6 ± 2,8) e impacto negativo das vestibulopatias sobre a qualidade de vida (Média: 47,3 ± 22,4) na amostra total. Quando comparados os dois grupos, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na intensidade da tontura (p=0,74) ou qualidade de vida (p=0,79), e também, nos parâmetros da estabilometria, em quatro tarefas (teste t independente, p>0,05). Contudo, após a inclusão do tempo de utilização de fármacos antivertiginosos como uma covariável do estudo, foi verificado pior desempenho nas diferentes tarefas da estabilometria no grupo medicado (ANCOVA, p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: o uso de fármacos antivertiginosos não melhora a qualidade de vida de indivíduos com queixas de tontura e o equilíbrio postural esteve alterado no grupo medicado.

Abstract: PURPOSE: this study aimed to identify the influence of anti-vertigo drugs on the health-related quality of life and balance in adults and elder individuals with dizziness complaints. METHODS: 51 individuals with dizziness complaints were enrolled at this cross-sectional study. The sample was divided into two groups according to chronic use of antivertigo drugs (medicated group, n=25 or non-medicated group, n=26). Information regarding vertigo-related symptoms, health-related quality of life (through Dizziness Handicap Inventory), dizziness intensity (measured by dizziness visual analogue scale) and postural balance (using a force platform) were assessed in all subjects recruited. RESULTS: a moderate intensity of dizziness was observed (Mean: 4.6 ± 2.8) as well as negative impact on health-related quality of life (Mean: 47.3 ± 22.4) at this sample. When medicated and non-medicated groups were compared, no statistically differences were observed concerning dizziness intensity (p=0.74) and health-related quality of life (p=0.79). Similar results were observed regarding balance parameters (Unpaired t test, p > 0.05). However, after including the time duration of antivertigo drugs' use as a covariable of this study, a worse balance in different balance tasks was observed at the medicated group (ANCOVA, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: no benefits concerning the symptoms or health-related quality of life were observed after chronic treatment with anti-vertigo drugs. On the other hand, worse balance control was observed in medicated group.

ResumoIntrodução A crioterapia consiste na utilização local do frio como abordagem terapêutica. Embora frequentemente utilizada, seu impacto no equilíbrio corporal é pouco explorado.Objetivos Analisar a influência da crioimersão no equilíbrio estático em apoio unipodal em indivíduos saudáveis por meio de variáveis do centro de pressão, oscilações da velocidade anteroposterior e médio-lateral, comparando condições olhos abertos e fechados nos momentos prévios, imediatamente, 20 e 40 minutos após crioimersão.Materiais e métodos Estudo transversal realizado com 30 sujeitos do gênero masculino: crioimersão a 5 °C durante 15 minutos; avaliação na plataforma de força, protocolo de 3 tentativas de 30 segundos cada, com 10 segundos de descanso; média das 3 medidas foi adotada para análise. Utilizou-se o programa GraphPad Prisma 5.0, ANOVA de medidas repetidas e comparações com teste de Friedman e pós-teste de Dunn.Resultados Verificou-se melhora do equilíbrio por meio dos resultados das seguintes variáveis analisadas: na condição Olhos Abertos (OA) observou-se diferença significativa apenas na velocidade anteroposterior (Vel-AP) no tempo pré-imersão comparado com 40 minutos. Com Olhos Fechados (OF) observou-se diferenças significativas nas seguintes comparações: no Centro-de-Pressão (COP) apenas no momento imediato comparado com 40 minutos; na velocidade AP no momento pré-comparado com o tempo de 40 minutos e no momento imediato comparado com 20 e 40 minutos após; e na velocidade médio-lateral (Vel-ML) no tempo pré-imersão comparado com 20 e 40 minutos após. Os resultados demonstram segurança na realização de atividades após crioterapia.Conclusão Verificou-se melhora do equilíbrio postural após crioimersão nas condições predeterminadas neste estudo.

AbstractIntroduction Cryotherapy is the use of cold as therapeutic approach. Although often used, its impact on the postural balance is not well-known.Objectives To analyze the effects of cold water immersion in the postural balance on single-leg balance in healthy subjects through the variables of center-of-pressure, velocity anteroposterior and medial-lateral oscillations, comparing conditions open and closed eyes in the moments before, immediately, 20 and 40 minutes after cold water immersion.Material and methods Cross-sectional study with 30 male subjects, cold water immersion at 5 °C during 15 minutes assessed in a force platform, protocol of 3 trials of 30 seconds each with 10 seconds of rest, the average of the 3 trials was used for analysis. The software GraphPad Prisma 5.0 was used for statistical analysis, with the ANOVA test for repeated measures and comparisons with test of Friedman and post-test of Dunn.Results It was observed improvement of the balance by the results of the following variables: in the condition Open Eyes (OE) it was observed significant difference only in the velocity anteroposterior (AP) in the moment before immersion when compared to the 40-minute moment. Significant differences were observed in the condition Closed Eyes (CE) in the following comparisons: in the Center-of-Pressure (COP) only at the immediate moment when compared to the 40-minute moment; in the velocity AP in the moment before when compared to the 40-minute moment, in the immediate moment when compared to the 20-minute and 40-minute moments; and in the medial-lateral velocity (Vel-ML) in two comparisons: in the moment before immersion when compared to the 20-minute and 40-minute moments after cryotherapy. Results show safety in performing activities after cryotherapy.Conclusion Improvement of the postural balance after cold water immersion on the predetermined conditions of this study.

<sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Dizziness can be characterized as a balance disorder that causes discomfort, leading to several functional limitations. Currently, vestibular rehabilitation has been highlighted as a possible treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Analyze the effects of completing a vestibular rehabilitation treatment protocol on quality of life and postural balance in patients with vestibular complaints, as well as to compare these effects between the patients taking or not taking antivertigo drugs.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A nonrandomized controlled trial was performed with 20 patients previously diagnosed with vestibular diseases. Information regarding vertigo symptoms, quality of life as assessed through the Dizziness Handicap Inventory, visual analog scale of dizziness, and stabilometry using force platform was collected. Patients were treated for 12 weeks by a customprotocol. The sample was divided into two groups according to the use (medicated group, n = 9) or not (control group, n = 11) of antivertigo drugs.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>There was improvement in quality of life (p < 0.001) and intensity of dizziness (p = 0.003) with the intervention. An improvement of postural balance was observed through functional tests. However, no statistically significant difference was noted in stabilometry. When both groups were compared, no statistically significant differences between the variations of the variables analyzed were found in the re-evaluation session.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Quality of life and postural balance are improved with intervention. However, this improvement is not associated with pharmacologic treatment.</p></sec>

A alta incidência de desvios posturais na população infantil, estimada em 20%, além de preocupante, é um problema de saúde pública. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar sinais de escoliose em crianças na idade pré-escolar da rede de ensino municipal de Londrina (PR). Participaram do estudo 377 crianças, entre 5 e 6 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos. O exame postural foi dividido em: (1) obtenção dos dados antropométricos, equilíbrio pélvico frontal e teste de Adams; (2) em caso de resposta positiva ao teste de Adams, seguiu-se a realização da fotogrametria. A prevalência de sinais precoces de escoliose foi de 26,3%, na população avaliada. Tais sinais caracterizam-se como atitude escoliótica, uma vez que o maior ângulo identificado foi de 7,33° e as medianas variaram entre 3,2° e 5,6°. A atitude escoliótica pode estar relacionada ao crescimento, visto que foi identificada a associação entre a resposta positiva ao teste de Adams com a assimetria pélvica no plano frontal, e que a maioria das curvaturas foi do tipo em "C". A partir dos resultados encontrados, observa-se alta prevalência de atitude escoliótica, indicando a necessidade de programas de acompanhamento postural em crianças na fase pré-escolar para monitorar o crescimento e a resolução ou agravamento dos sinais precoces.

The high incidence of postural deviations in child population, estimated at 20%, is not only a concern, but also a public health problem. This study aimed to identify signs of scoliosis in children in preschool age from Londrina, Brazil. The study included 377 children aged between 5 and 6 years, of both sexes. The postural exam was divided in: (1) obtaining anthropometric data, the frontal pelvic balance and Adams test; (2) in case of a positive response to Adams test, a computerized photogrammetry was performer subsequently. The prevalence of early signs of scoliosis was of 26.3% in the population evaluated. However, they were characterized as scoliotic attitude, since the highest angle identified was 7.33° and the median ranged from 3.2° to 5.6°. Also, the scoliotic attitude may be related to growth, since an association was identified between the positive response to the Adams test and pelvic asymmetry in the frontal plane, and the majority of the curvatures were of the "C" type. Based on the results, there was a high prevalence of scoliotic attitude, indicating the need for postural monitoring programs for children in pre-school, to control the growth and resolution or worsening of the early signs of scoliosis.

La alta incidencia de desvíos de postura en la población infantil, que se estima en el 20%, además de motivo de preocupación, es un problema de salud pública. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo identificar señales de escoliosis en niños en edad preescolar de la red municipal de enseñanza en Londrina, PR, Brasil. Han participado del estudio 377 niños, entre 5 a 6 años de edad, de ambos los géneros. Se ha dividido el examen postural en: (1) obtención de los datos antropométricos, equilibrio pélvico frontal y prueba de Adams; (2) realización de la fotogrametría para el caso de respuesta positiva a la prueba de Adams. La prevalencia de señales precoces de escoliosis ha sido del 26,3% en la población evaluada. Estas señales se han caracterizado como una actitud de escoliosis, pues lo mayor ángulo identificado ha sido de 7,33° y las medianas sufrieron variación entre 3,2° y 5,6°. La actitud de escoliosis puede relacionarse al crecimiento, puesto que se ha identificado la asociación entre la respuesta positiva a la prueba de Adams con una asimetría pélvica en el plano frontal, y que la mayoría de las curvaturas ha sido del tipo "C". A partir de los resultados, se observa una alta prevalencia de escoliosis, lo que indica la necesidad de programas de supervisión postural en niños en edad preescolar con el fin de monitorear el crecimiento y la resolución o empeoramiento de las señales precoces.

Introdução O Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) é uma doença multifatorial, de modo que a combinação de fatores de risco pode contribuir para o seu desenvolvimento. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência dos fatores de risco para o AVE na população idosa fisicamente independente do município de Londrina. Materiais e métodos O estudo foi composto por idosos integrantes do projeto EELO (Estudo sobre o Envelhecimento e Longevidade – Londrina (PR), Brasil). Para identificação dos fatores de risco do AVE, utilizou-se um questionário estruturado com informações sobre dados sociodemográficos, dados antropométricos, variáveis de estilo de vida como sedentarismo e hábito de fumar, análise da presença de comorbidades e avaliação laboratorial para o diagnóstico de diabetes e dislipidemias. Resultados Participaram deste estudo 454 idosos com idade média de 69,7 anos. Observou-se relação significativa entre o número de fatores de risco e o gênero (p = 0,01), com maior prevalência entre as mulheres. Em análise isolada, idosos entre 60 e 69 anos apresentaram maior incidência de obesidade (p = 0,03) e dislipidemias (p = 0,04). Em relação ao gênero, a obesidade (p = 0,01), tabagismo (p = 0,0001), doença vascular (p = 0,0001) e doença cardíaca na família (p = 0,01) apresentaram maior incidência no sexo feminino, segundo teste Qui Quadrado. Conclusões Conclui-se que os idosos com idade menor que 70 anos e mulheres idosas foram os que apresentaram maior número de fatores de risco para o AVE. Desta forma sugere-se a elaboração de programas de atenção primária com o objetivo de promover informações sobre a prevenção destes fatores de risco e a redução da ocorrência do acidente vascular encefálico.

Introduction Stroke (CVA) is a multifactorial disease, where the combination of risk factors may be associated with and contribute to its development. Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of risk factors for stroke in the physically independent elderly in the city of Londrina, Brazil. Materials and methods This study was composed of the elderly individuals participating in the EELO project (Age and Ageing Study, Londrina, State of Paraná, Brazil). In order to identify the risk factors for stroke, one used a structured questionnaire with information about socio-demographic and anthropometric data as well as lifestyle variables, such as physical inactivity and smoking, presence of comorbidities, and laboratory tests for diagnosis of diabetes and dyslipidemia. Results The study included 454 elderly with mean age of 69.7 years. There was a significant relationship between the number of risk factors and gender (p = 0.01), with higher prevalence among women. In separate analysis, the elderly between 60 and 69 years had a higher incidence of obesity (p = 0.03) and dyslipidemia (p = 0.04). Regarding gender, obesity (p = 0.01), smoking (p = 0.0001), vascular disease (p = 0.0001) and heart disease in the family (p = 0.01) higher incidence was shown in females, according toChi Square’s test. Conclusions It is concluded that elderly people aged less than 70 years and older women were those with the highest number of risk factors for CVA. Therefore, it may be suggested the development of primary care programs in order to promote information on the prevention of these risk factors and thus reduce the occurrence of stroke.

INTRODUÇÃO: A ginástica rítmica (GR) é uma modalidade esportiva que combina arte a gestos biomecânicos de alta complexidade, que requer alto nível de desenvolvimento de qualidades físicas como: agilidade, flexibilidade, força, impulsão e destreza. Nessa modalidade, estudos comprovam que as lesões mais frequentes ocorrem nas articulações do joelho e tornozelo e, em alguns casos, nas extremidades do punho, sendo os entorses as mais registradas, principalmente em atletas de nível de competição. Diante disso, a propriocepção e o controle muscular possuem papel fundamental na estabilidade articular dinâmica, já que após lesões ortopédicas algumas características sensório-motoras são alteradas e devem ser o foco de programas de reabilitação para que se obtenha melhor retorno às atividades como antes da lesão.OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do treinamento proprioceptivo sobre o equilíbrio postural de atletas de ginástica rítmica, a partir da utilização da plataforma de força.MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um treinamento proprioceptivo no período de 2 meses, subdividido em três fases, com progressão da complexidade dos exercícios a cada fase de treinamento.RESULTADOS: Podemos observar que houve uma melhora significativa dos resultados da última fase do treinamento, quando foram utilizados exercícios de maior complexidade e agilidade, de acordo com o protocolo.CONCLUSÃO: Por se tratarem de atletas de GR de alto desempenho e apresentarem predomínio de atividades em apoio unipodal, os protocolos de propriocepção devem ser mais intensos, gerando um maior nível de perturbações e desequilíbrios posturais.

INTRODUCTION: Rhythmic gymnastics (RG) is a sport that combines art with biomechanical gestures of high complexity, which requires a high level of development of physical qualities such as agility, flexibility, strength, impulsion and dexterity. In this modality, studies show that the most frequent injuries occur in the knee and ankle joints, and in some cases in the ends of the wrist, being the sprains the most frequently recorded in competition level athletes. Therefore, proprioception and muscle control play a fundamental role in dynamic joint stability, since after some orthopedic injuries the sensorimotor characteristics are altered and should be the focus of rehabilitation programs in order to obtain the better return, as before the injury.OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of proprioceptive training on postural balance of rhythmic gymnastics athletes through the use of a force platform.METHODS: Proprioceptive training was conducted during 2 months, in three stages, with progression of the complexity of the exercises in each training phase.RESULTS: We observed that there was a significant improvement in the results over the last phase of training when exercises of greater complexity and agility were used, according to the protocol.CONCLUSION: Because these athletes practice rhythmic gymnastics of high performance and predominance of activities on one-foot stance, the protocols should be more intense, generating a higher level of disturbance and postural imbalances.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La gimnasia rítmica (RG) es un deporte que combina el arte con gestos biomecánicos de alta complejidad, que requiere un alto nivel de desarrollo de las cualidades físicas como la agilidad, flexibilidad, fuerza, impulsión y destreza. En esta modalidad los estudios muestran que las lesiones más frecuentes se producen en las articulaciones de la rodilla y del tobillo, y en algunos casos en los extremos de la muñeca, siendo los esguinces los registrados con mayor frecuencia en los atletas de nivel de competencia. Por lo tanto, la propiocepción y el control muscular juegan un papel fundamental en la estabilidad dinámica de la articulación, ya que después de algunas lesiones ortopédicas las características sensoriomotoras son alteradas y deben ser el foco de los programas de rehabilitación con el fin de obtener un mejor retorno a las actividades como eran antes de la lesión.OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto del entrenamiento propioceptivo sobre el equilibrio postural de los atletas de gimnasia rítmica, utilizando una plataforma de fuerza.MÉTODOS: El entrenamiento propioceptivo se llevó a cabo durante 2 meses, en tres etapas, con la progresión de la complejidad de los ejercicios en cada fase de entrenamiento..RESULTADOS: Se observó que hubo una mejora significativa en los resultados de la última fase del entrenamiento cuando se utilizaron ejercicios de mayor complejidad y agilidad, de acuerdo con el protocolo.CONCLUSIÓN: Debido a que estos atletas practican gimnasia rítmica de alto rendimiento y predominio de actividades en la postura de un pie, los protocolos deberían ser más intensos, generando un mayor nivel de perturbación y los desequilibrios posturales.